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Title: Antietam
Date: May 12, 2009, Tuesday
Thought: There are no draws in war. Someone always loses; and many would say that no one really wins.
Jog: My apologies for the length of this entry. I visited the second of three Civil War battlefields today. I am amazed at how totally normal the places are that eventually become places of history. In September of 1862, Sharpsburg was a quiet little community with farms, churches, cornfields, and a river called the Antietam running next to it—the picture of serenity. However, it was here Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia encountered McClellan’s Army of the Potomac. The site was a result of opportunity and circumstance—not a result of its strategic importance. On the day after the armies collided, history recorded 51,000 casualties, the most costly in terms of bloodshed incurred on any single day of any war at that time and since then.
Like most of the major battles of the Civil War, the battle proceeded in phases, with one side striking out and the other side responding. The troops assemble long the battle lines facing each other in brigades, with their commanding generals, waiting to take their turn at sparing. A chess game of monumental proportion and deadly results is played with the lives of men. One brigade or two may strike out to either flank or the center—to which there are responding counter moves. Each side watches for a weakness in the line and for an opportunity to claim ‘checkmate.’ Rarely, does the whole army strike out at once along the entire line. Had that been the case at the Battle of Antietam, the Union, because of their sheer number would have surely carried the day decisively. However, it was not the case; as a result, we find a tragic sacrifice of life, as the young men of both sides are siphoned off in the different skirmishes.
In the early hours of the day, while it was still cool and the mist still hung close to the ground. The Union troops advanced on Lee’s left flank, through a cornfield, towards a ridge held by the Confederates. They walked through the cornfield, hidden from view; however their position was revealed by the brigade’s flag and standards which extended above the tops of the corn. Rebel soldiers from Texas and Georgia watched the colors advancing through the cornfield, waited behind a fence line at the edge of the cornfield, preparing to unleash a deadly storm of bullets when the Yankees emerged. As the Yankee soldiers broke into the open, merely a dozen yards from the waiting Rebels, they were greeted by volleys of musket fire. The entire front line of Union soldiers fell. The Union returned the fire with less success. Again, the Confederate’s fired massive volleys into the cornfield. The Union forces were decimated and dropped their arms and ran to the rear, pursued by the Confederates.
But what goes around, comes around. As the fleeing boys in blue ran to the rear they encountered a new brigade of Yankees, come to reinforce their number. Subsequently, as the Confederates pursued the fleeing Yankees, they ran headlong into the fresh Union troops, who returned the fire into the cornfield. Now it was the Rebels turn to face the staggering fire of synchronized volleys. The fallen dead of the Union soldiers were overlaid with Confederate soldiers. And back and forth it went that morning, as the two sides slugged it out for the cornfield, until the stalks of corn stood no more and carpet of bodies covered its soil.
I stood at the edge of that cornfield today, at the position where the Confederate soldiers waited for the Union soldiers to emerge from the cornfield. There are no stalks of corn waving at that location now. As I stared into the space where the corn should have been, I could visualize the flags of the Union moving above the corn; and I could feel the anticipation of the soldiers, among them men of the First Texas Volunteers, who waited anxiously for the men in blue to appear. For just a moment I was there. I heard the rustle of the stalks as the Yankee soldiers made their way towards me; I heard the order to fire at point blank range and could almost smell the smoke of their volleys. For just a moment I was there.
I moved on to later in the day to a new phase of the battle--to a place called the Sunken Road. It’s name is appropriate, for that is exactly what it is. Over the years, the carts and wagon trudged down that road wearing it down such that the grade of the road was lower than the adjacent ground. Along its shoulders the ground had been piled so that a trench of sorts had developed defining the limits of the road. On either side of the road, were wooden fences that demarked the adjacent fields. Along that road the Confederate troops waited for the advancing Union troops. After being commanded to hold that position, the Rebel captain promised to hold it until the last man fell. As the Union troops topped a small ridge running parallel and a hundred yards from the fence line, they became target practice for the concealed Rebels. Until, eventually, the sheer number of the Union troops overpowered the Confederate troops and they died within the limits of that sunken road as promised. I stood where they fought, along that fence line where they died. I walked the path of the old road, who’s purpose has forever been changed. No longer will it carry produce into town; it is now a monument to the men who died there—sacred ground purchased by their blood.
My last point of emphasis of this day was at what is known as Burnside’s Bridge. On the opposite side of the battlefield from the cornfield is a bridge crossing the river. The Union general, Burnside, was ordered to capture and hold that bridge. With great cost of life he stormed the bridge, only to be pushed back each time by the Rebel sharpshooters located on the high ridge across from the bridge. Eventually, Burnside would take the bridge and push the retreating Rebels back toward the town of Sharpsburg. It was only at the last moment, after having received reinforcements, were the Rebels able to push Burnside back across the bridge. Again, I stood on the ridge where the Confederates stood. The sense of history is strong at this place. I watched as a charter bus expelled a throng of high school kids who assaulted the bridge. As I stood high on the ridge, I could hear their squealing and laughter ran across the bridge, an antithesis of the solemn spirit of that place. To those kids, this was just an old stone bridge. To me it is so much more. It is a memorial that has been purchased with a great price. I wonder if some day, as a sixty year old man, one of those kids will stand again on that bridge and see it differently.
Some would say that the Battle of Antietam was a draw. But, there are no draws in war. Someone always loses; and many would say that no one really wins. Lee limped back into Virginia with his army bloodied but still intact. However, he lost the initiative that he once held. He lost the opportunity to claim the prize he sought. And, more importantly, he demonstrated the unthinkable fact that he and his Army of Northern Virginia were not invincible. Because of that, many historians consider the Battle of Antietam as a Union victory. I believe it is actually academic to argue for a winner or loser of this battle. It is a mute point, because in ten months Lee will again meet the Federal army in battle. However, this time it will be decisive. This time it will be the beginning of the end for Lee as he leads his army to another little town called Gettysburg.
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