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Rated: 18+ · Book · Personal · #1196512
Not for the faint of art.
Complex Numbers

A complex number is expressed in the standard form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is defined by i^2 = -1 (that is, i is the square root of -1). For example, 3 + 2i is a complex number.

The bi term is often referred to as an imaginary number (though this may be misleading, as it is no more "imaginary" than the symbolic abstractions we know as the "real" numbers). Thus, every complex number has a real part, a, and an imaginary part, bi.

Complex numbers are often represented on a graph known as the "complex plane," where the horizontal axis represents the infinity of real numbers, and the vertical axis represents the infinity of imaginary numbers. Thus, each complex number has a unique representation on the complex plane: some closer to real; others, more imaginary. If a = b, the number is equal parts real and imaginary.

Very simple transformations applied to numbers in the complex plane can lead to fractal structures of enormous intricacy and astonishing beauty.




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March 11, 2021 at 12:04am
March 11, 2021 at 12:04am
#1006171
So, okay, I'm still not completely coherent, but I'm not going to break my streak now.

Why a Traffic Flow Suddenly Turns Into a Traffic Jam  
Those aggravating slowdowns aren’t one driver’s fault. They’re everybody’s fault.


I've always wondered about this, myself, and I've taken actual traffic engineering classes.

Few experiences on the road are more perplexing than phantom traffic jams.

I can think of a couple, like when cops pull you over because you have out of state tags and therefore they figure you're not going to come back to contest the ticket.

Because traffic quickly resumes its original speed, phantom traffic jams usually don’t cause major delays. But neither are they just minor nuisances. They are hot spots for accidents because they force unexpected braking. And the unsteady driving they cause is not good for your car, causing wear and tear and poor gas mileage.

Okay, that's a stretch.

In contrast, macroscopic models describe traffic as a fluid, in which cars are interpreted as fluid particles.

When I was in engineering school, I learned both fluid mechanics and traffic engineering. I noted then that the equations used to model traffic flow were the discrete versions of the continuous equations used to model fluid flow. Such an epiphany made me feel a whole lot smarter than I actually was.

This observation tells us that phantom jams are not the fault of individual drivers, but result instead from the collective behavior of all drivers on the road.

You know, there's a metaphor in there somewhere. Like... pick a societal problem. Any problem. Poverty, racism, global warming, whatever. It's no individual's fault, but the result of all of our collective behavior.

It's not a great metaphor, but there it is.

However, in reality, the flow is constantly exposed to small perturbations: imperfections on the asphalt, tiny hiccups of the engines, half-seconds of driver inattention, and so on. To predict the evolution of this traffic flow, the big question is to decide whether these small perturbations decay, or are amplified.

And this bit reminds me of the difference between laminar and turbulent flow. I can't be arsed to explain that right now. Google it.

Besides being an important mathematical case study, the phantom traffic jam is, perhaps, also an interesting and instructive social system.

Like I said. Metaphor. I mean, really, you have to read the article to get the full effect; I've had a few beers tonight and thus I'm probably not making nearly as much sense as I think I am. But this one's been hanging out in my queue for a while, and I'm pretty sure that I'm saying what I wanted to say about it.

Hopefully tomorrow I'll be more clear, but right now there's a turbulent traffic jam in my neurons.


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